合規(guī)解讀-公司決議被法院撤銷了，據(jù)此簽署的合同還有效嗎?

實(shí)踐中，我們有時(shí)會(huì)遇到公司的決議因?yàn)椴环瞎痉傻囊?guī)定而被法院判決該決議不成立、無(wú)效或者被撤銷。該種情形出現(xiàn)以后，公司之前據(jù)此決議對(duì)外簽署的合同是否繼續(xù)有效，該如何處理該合同，實(shí)踐中，不同的法院會(huì)有不同的裁判觀點(diǎn)。

In practice, we sometimes encounter the company's resolution because it does not comply with the provisions of the company law and the court ruled that the resolution is not established, invalid or revoked. In practice, different courts have different opinions on whether the contract signed by the company according to this resolution is still valid and how to deal with the contract.

有的法院認(rèn)為，既然法院判決確認(rèn)決議不成立、決議無(wú)效或者  撤銷決議，依據(jù)該決議形成的合同行為應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)定無(wú)效，因?yàn)樾纬稍摵贤幕A(chǔ)喪失殆盡。

Some courts have held that since the court ruled that the resolution was not established, invalid or revoked, the contractual act formed by the resolution should be considered invalid because the basis for the formation of the contract was lost.

 還有的法院認(rèn)為，盡管法院判決確認(rèn)決議不成立、決議無(wú)效或者撤銷決議，該決議只在公司內(nèi)部不產(chǎn)生法律約束力，但涉及公司外部關(guān)系則不受任何影響。

Other courts have held that despite a court decision confirming a resolution as not valid, invalid or revoking a resolution, the resolution is not legally binding only within the company, but is not affected in any way when it comes to relationships outside the company.

筆者曾處理過(guò)類似案件，認(rèn)為法院判決確認(rèn)決議不成立、決議無(wú)效或者銷決議后，該決議只在公司內(nèi)部不產(chǎn)生法律約束力，涉及公司外部關(guān)系應(yīng)當(dāng)具體情況具體分析對(duì)待，對(duì)善意第三人無(wú)溯及力，不受任何影響。

I have dealt with similar cases, that the court ruling to confirm the resolution is not established, the resolution is invalid or cancel the resolution, the resolution only in the company does not produce legally binding, involving the company's external relations should be treated on a case-by-case basis, no retroactive effect on bona fide third party, not subject to any influence.

法院判決的溯及力問(wèn)題主要發(fā)生在法院支持原告訴訟請(qǐng)求情形下。根據(jù)民法一般理論，無(wú)效或者被撤銷的民事法律行為自始沒(méi)有法律約束力，因此，法院確認(rèn)股東會(huì)決議無(wú)效、決議不成立或者撤銷公司決議的判決應(yīng)當(dāng)追溯適用于決議通過(guò)之日。關(guān)于決議效力的判決，在公司內(nèi)部具有溯及力。決議被確認(rèn)不成立、無(wú)效或者被撤銷后，在公司內(nèi)部自始沒(méi)有法律約束力，由此產(chǎn)生的公司內(nèi)部關(guān)系應(yīng)由公司決定是否恢復(fù)原狀。

The issue of retroactivity of the court's judgment mainly occurs when the court supports the plaintiff's claim. According to the general theory of civil law, an invalid or revoked civil legal act is not legally binding from the beginning, therefore, the court's decision to confirm the invalidity of the resolution of the shareholders' meeting, the failure of the resolution or the revocation of the resolution of the company should be applied retroactively to the date of the adoption of the resolution. The judgment on the validity of the resolution shall have retroactive effect within the company. After the resolution is confirmed as not established, invalid or revoked, it is not legally binding within the company from the beginning, and the resulting intra-company relations shall be decided by the company whether to restore the status quo ante.

另一方面，如何維護(hù)交易安全便成為一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題，公司自身的內(nèi)部問(wèn)題顯然不能成為侵害善意第三人利益的正當(dāng)理由。

On the other hand, how to maintain the security of the transaction becomes a real problem, the company's own internal problems obviously can not be a legitimate reason to infringe on the interests of bona fide third parties.

原則上，對(duì)于純粹的公司內(nèi)部糾紛，應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重公司章程、公司決議的效力；違法、不成立或決議無(wú)效的除外。

In principle, for purely intra-company disputes, the validity of the articles of incorporation and corporate resolutions should be respected; except for those that are illegal, not established or invalid resolutions.

若是涉及公司與善意第三人的外部爭(zhēng)議，則應(yīng)基于商事外觀主義，對(duì)第三人的信賴?yán)娼o予保護(hù)。《公司法規(guī)定(四)（2020修正）》對(duì)此作出了一定回應(yīng)，其第6條規(guī)定：“股東會(huì)或者股東大會(huì)董事會(huì)決議被人民法院判決確認(rèn)無(wú)效或者撤銷的，公司依據(jù)該決議與善意相對(duì)人形成的民事法律關(guān)系不受影響?！?/span>該行為對(duì)公司有效，其法律后果應(yīng)歸屬于公司。

In the case of external disputes involving the company and bona fide third parties, the reliance interests of the third parties shall be protected based on commercial appearance doctrine. The Company Law Provisions (IV) (2020 Amendment) responds to this in some way, with Article 6 stating that "If a resolution of the shareholders' meeting or the board of directors of the shareholders' meeting is confirmed as invalid or revoked by a people's court judgment, the civil legal relationship formed between the company and a bona fide relative based on the resolution shall not be affected." The act is valid for the company and its legal consequences shall be attributed to the company.

我國(guó)《民法典》第504條規(guī)定：“第五百零四條　法人的法定代表人或者非法人組織的負(fù)責(zé)人超越權(quán)限訂立的合同，除相對(duì)人知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道其超越權(quán)限外，該代表行為有效，訂立的合同對(duì)法人或者非法人組織發(fā)生效力?！?/span>第503條規(guī)定：“無(wú)權(quán)代理人以被代理人的名義訂立合同，被代理人已經(jīng)開始履行合同義務(wù)或者接受相對(duì)人履行的，視為對(duì)合同的追認(rèn)。”

Article 504 of our Civil Code provides that "Article 504 A contract concluded by the legal representative of a legal person or the head of an unincorporated organization in excess of his authority shall be valid unless the counterparty knows or should know that he has exceeded his authority, and the contract concluded shall take effect with respect to the legal person or unincorporated organization." Article 503 provides that "an agent without authority to conclude a contract in the name of the agent, the agent has begun to perform the contractual obligations or accept the performance of the counterparty, is deemed to be a retroactive recognition of the contract."

公司股東會(huì)或董事會(huì)決議被宣告無(wú)效或者撤銷后，公司法定代表人或代理人的行為失去授權(quán)依據(jù)，為無(wú)權(quán)代表或無(wú)權(quán)代理行為，但是對(duì)于與公司進(jìn)行交易的善意第三人而言其可以主張表見(jiàn)代表或表見(jiàn)代理以維護(hù)自己的正當(dāng)權(quán)益，當(dāng)然，適用的前提必須是第三人真正達(dá)到了善意的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

After the resolution of the shareholders' meeting or the board of directors is declared invalid or revoked, the legal representative or agent of the company loses the authorization basis, and is a powerless representative or powerless agent, but the bona fide third party who deals with the company can claim the apparent representative or apparent agent to maintain their legitimate rights and interests, of course, the prerequisite for application must be the third party really reach the standard of bona fide.

如果公司以外的第三人明知或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道公司決議存在瑕疵，而仍然與公司形成法律關(guān)系，此種關(guān)系若仍予以保護(hù)，并不公平。比如，法律規(guī)定必須經(jīng)公司決議的對(duì)外合同交易行為，就構(gòu)成公司外部合同行為的法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)，未經(jīng)公司決議而達(dá)成時(shí)，合同交易行為本身的效力會(huì)受到影響，此時(shí)善意交易第三人不存在值得保護(hù)的“信賴”,公司決議實(shí)際上也就發(fā)揮了對(duì)外約束力。

If the third person outside the company knows or should know that the company's resolution has defects, and still form a legal relationship with the company, such relations if still be protected, is not fair. For example, the law must be resolved by the company's external contract transaction behavior, the company constitutes a legal risk point of external contract behavior, without the company's resolution and reached, the effectiveness of the contract transaction behavior itself will be affected, at this time the good faith transaction of the third party does not exist worthy of protection "trust", the company's resolution actually plays a external Binding force.

筆者團(tuán)隊(duì)專注商事?tīng)?zhēng)端解決，研究公司法律實(shí)務(wù)數(shù)十年，深諳商事?tīng)?zhēng)端裁判規(guī)則。本文不能視為對(duì)特定案件的法律建議或意見(jiàn)，僅為筆者團(tuán)隊(duì)在處理類似案件時(shí)法院的裁判規(guī)則。如你遇到公司法律問(wèn)題，可以聯(lián)系我們，獲取更多專業(yè)的建議。

The author's team focuses on commercial dispute resolution and has studied corporate law practice for decades, and is well versed in the rules governing commercial disputes. This article cannot be considered as legal advice or opinion on a specific case, but only the rules of the courts when the author's team has handled similar cases. If you encounter a corporate legal problem, you can contact us for more professional advice.

傳承律協(xié)“沒(méi)法不愛(ài)”的公益理念，用“極簡(jiǎn) 無(wú)我”的態(tài)度傳遞“幫助律師扎根專業(yè)知識(shí)，與律師共同成長(zhǎng)”的辦所理念。